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Definition of Planning: According to  koontz and O ’ donnell ,” Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who is to do it.” Feature / Nature/ Characteristics Of Planning 1) Planning contributes to objectives : - Planning always starts with the determination of objectives. We cannot think of planning in absence of objective. After setting up an objective, planning decide the methods, procedure and steps to achieve those objectives. For an example if an organization has the objective of manufacturing 1500 washing machine in a month, then organization need to plan their activities according to the objective, to achieve their target in desired month. 2) Planning is primary function of management : - The primary or first function of every individual organization is to do planning. No other function can be executed by the organization without performing planning. Because the basic function of planning is to set up an objective, an...

Credits:- NCERT Delhi,

T he term “ L evel o f M anagement” differentiates different managerial position in an organization. When the organization grows in size the level of the management also increase. The level of management determines the chain of authority and responsibility. The level of management can be classified in three levels. Top Management / Administrative level Middle Management / Executive Operational Management / Operative / Supervisory  I. Top level Management: - They consist of the senior most executive of the organization. Their basic task is to integrate diverse element, coordinate the activities of different departments and farming policies of the business. These top level managers are responsible for the welfare and survival of the organization. Their job is complex, stressful, demanding long hours and commitment to the organization. Following are the main roles performed by top level management :- They determine objective of the business enterpr...

"Managerial concept are universal" However it totally depend upon managers how they use it!! Science is a systematic body of knowledge that explains certain general truth or the operation of general laws. The basic features of science are as follow: - 1) Systematized body of knowledge: Science is a systematized body of knowledge contains facts, theories and principles which help to understand the relationship between cause and the effect. This systematized body of knowledge helps to understand past events and to forecast the future. For example law of gravity explains the falling of apple towards the ground. 2) Principles based on experimentation: Scientific principles and fundamental truths are first developed through observation, identification, and experimental investigation under controlled conditions. 3) Universal validity: These scientific principles have universal validity and application which is used to refer to the application of quantitativ...

After understanding that management is a universal activity, we now examine some of the reasons that have made management so important: 1) Management helps in achieving group goals: Management helps in achieving the group goals by encourage initiative. The Manager should encourage group effort, coordinate, direct and control resources in such a manner that enterprise work towards achievement of pre-determined organizational goals. 2) Management Increase efficiency: The aim of Manager is to reduce cost and increase productivity through effectively utilization of all the physical & human resources. Management also encourages innovation in the organization. Innovation brings changes and makes the organization more efficient and competitive. 3) Management creates a dynamic organization: All Organization has to function in an environment which is constantly changing. With the change is external environment, the initial co-ordination of organization must be changed. Mana...