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Credits:- NCERT Delhi,

A t the time of Industrial Revolution the factory owners or manager don’t know how to measure performance of the individual. But F.W. Taylor emerged as the “Father of Scientific Management”. Scientific management means getting work done in the best and the cheapest way. He broke up human activity into small parts and find out how it could be done effectively. By applying scientific management of production in “The Bethlehem Steel Company” Taylor increased productivity by three fourth percent.  Principles of Scientific Management 1) Science, not Rule of Thumb Rule of thumb was the technique of pre-scientific management era. Taylor found out that there were no scientific standards to measure performance. No one knew exactly how much work a worker should do in one hour or in one day. The work was fixed assuming rule of thumb or the amount of work done by an average worker. F.W. Taylor introduced Time and Motion Studies to fix performance standard

Division of Work: - Work should be divided into small task/jobs. A trained specialist who is competent is required to perform each job. Thus division of work leads to specialization. This increase the effectiveness and efficiency in the work performance. Collectively they achieve the targets of the company. For example in a hospital neurosurgeon is concerned with nervous system whereas heart surgeon is concerned with respiratory system. Authority and Responsibility: - Great power comes with great responsibility. There should be balanced between authority and responsibility. An organization should build safe grad against misuse of managerial power and irresponsibility during the work. Discipline: - Discipline is systematic instruction in the organization for proper working. According to the Henri Fayol discipline requires good superior at all level, clear and judicious applicable of penalties. Suppose management and executive entered in the agreement where managem

T he term “ L evel o f M anagement” differentiates different managerial position in an organization. When the organization grows in size the level of the management also increase. The level of management determines the chain of authority and responsibility. The level of management can be classified in three levels. Top Management / Administrative level Middle Management / Executive Operational Management / Operative / Supervisory  I. Top level Management: - They consist of the senior most executive of the organization. Their basic task is to integrate diverse element, coordinate the activities of different departments and farming policies of the business. These top level managers are responsible for the welfare and survival of the organization. Their job is complex, stressful, demanding long hours and commitment to the organization. Following are the main roles performed by top level management :- They determine objective of the business enterprise

"Managerial concept are universal" However it totally depend upon managers how they use it!! Science is a systematic body of knowledge that explains certain general truth or the operation of general laws. The basic features of science are as follow: - 1) Systematized body of knowledge: Science is a systematized body of knowledge contains facts, theories and principles which help to understand the relationship between cause and the effect. This systematized body of knowledge helps to understand past events and to forecast the future. For example law of gravity explains the falling of apple towards the ground. 2) Principles based on experimentation: Scientific principles and fundamental truths are first developed through observation, identification, and experimental investigation under controlled conditions. 3) Universal validity: These scientific principles have universal validity and application which is used to refer to the application of quantitativ

W hat is Art ? Art is a term that describes an application of knowledge & skill to come up with something new, creative and unique. In terms of Management Manager used his skill, knowledge and experience to achieve the goals by resolving any kind of operational problem. The basic features of managerial ART are as follow:- 1) Existence of theoretical and practical knowledge: Learning theoretical knowledge is not enough, it is very important to know practical implementation of theoretical principles. For e.g. to become a good chef the person may not only know the recipes but he/she should be aware of using different equipment, basic cooking techniques, fresh ingredients etc. A manager can never be successful just my obtaining knowledge but he must also be aware of applying various management principles in real life situation. 2) Personal Skill: Although theoretical knowledge may be same but each one has his own technique to approach towards the jobs. This is why the qu

After understanding that management is a universal activity, we now examine some of the reasons that have made management so important: 1) Management helps in achieving group goals: Management helps in achieving the group goals by encourage initiative. The Manager should encourage group effort, coordinate, direct and control resources in such a manner that enterprise work towards achievement of pre-determined organizational goals. 2) Management Increase efficiency: The aim of Manager is to reduce cost and increase productivity through effectively utilization of all the physical & human resources. Management also encourages innovation in the organization. Innovation brings changes and makes the organization more efficient and competitive. 3) Management creates a dynamic organization: All Organization has to function in an environment which is constantly changing. With the change is external environment, the initial co-ordination of organization must be changed. Mana